Python - Operators

Operators:

• Operators are symbols and used to perform some mathematics operations.
• There are 6 kinds of operators,

1.Arithmetic operators: 

• This is normal mathematic operations such as,

S.No	Operator	Expression	Example	Result
1.	+	Addition	If a=10 and b=5 then a+b=10+5	15
2.	-	Subtraction	If a=10 and b=5 then a-b=10-5	5
3.	*	Multiplication	If a=10 and b=5 then a*b=10*5	50
4.	/	Division	If a=10 and b=5 then a/b=10/5	2
5.	%	Modulo	If a=10 and b=5 then a%b=10%5	0.05
6.	**	Power	If a=5 then a**2	25
7.	//	Floor division	If a=10 and b=5 then a//b=7//5	1

Example program for the arithmetic operator:

1. a,b=input("Enter a and b value : ").split()
   print("Add of "+a+" and "+b+" value is : ",int(a)+int(b))
   print("Sub of "+a+" and "+b+" value is : ",int(a)-int(b))
   print("Mul of "+a+" and "+b+" value is : ",int(a)*int(b))
   print("Div of "+a+" and "+b+" value is : ",int(a)/int(b))
   print("Mod of "+a+" and "+b+" value is : ",int(a)%int(b))
   print("Floor divisions of "+a+" and "+b+" value is : ",int(a)//int(b))
   print(a+" power 3 value is : ",int(a)**3)

Output:

2. Relational Operators:

• It is used to compare two or more data.

Note:

• These logical operators mostly used in conditions.

3. Logical Operators:

• It is used to combine simple relational statements into more complex expressions.
  

S.No	Operator	Expression	Example	Result
1.	and	Both expressions should be true	If  a=11,b=10 and c=12 then a>b and a>c	False
2.	or	One expression should be true	If  a=11,b=10 and c=12 then a>b or a>c	True
3.	not	Both expression false then return true	If  a=5,b=10 and c=12 then a>b not a>c	True

4. Assignment Operators:

• These operators are used to getting the result in the same variable(input/output).

Example program for the assignment operator:

1. sal=int(input("Enter basic salary : "))

   sal+=5000

   print("Bouns with basic salary : ",sal)

Output:

5. Bitwise Operators:

• It is used to manipulate the data at a bit level and it operates on integer only.

                                                                                  Binary table

Bitwise AND(&):

• The truth table for ‘ & ‘is shown below(It means True=1 and false=0.)

a=7 of binary code:0111

b=8 of the binary code is:1000

The result of the a&a value is 0000(i.e 0).

Example program for the bitwise AND operator:

1. p,q=input("Enter two values : ").split()

   r=int(p)&int(q)

   print("Bitwise AND of p&q value is : ",r)

Output:

Bitwise OR(|):

• The truth table for ‘ | ‘is shown below

a=7 of binary code:0111

b=8 of the binary code is:1000

The result of a|b value is 1111(i.e 15).

Example program for the bitwise OR operator:

1. p,q=input("Enter two values : ").split()

   r=int(p)|int(q)

   print("Bitwise OR of p|q value is : ",r)

Output:

Bitwise Exclusive OR(^):

• The truth table for ‘ ^ ‘is shown below

a=13 of binary code:1101

b=8 of the binary code is:1000

The result of a^b value is 0101(i.e 5).

Example program for the bitwise Exclusive OR operator:

1. p,q=input("Enter two values : ").split()

   r=int(p)^int(q)

   print("Bitwise Exclusive-OR of p^q value is : ",r)

Output:

Bitwise Shift left (<<):

• The bitwise shift left operator is used to move the bits from right to left in storage.
• Each box called bits and a=6 and a<<1 then a=12.

Explanation:

Result: a of left shit value is 12.

Example program for the bitwise shift left operator:

1. a=int(input("Enter a values : "))

   r=a<<1

   print("Bitwise left shit of a value is: ",r)

Output:

Bitwise Shift right(>>):

• The shit right is similar to the left shit.
• This operator is used to forward the bits from left to right in storage.
• For example, If a=6 and a>>1 then its value is 3.

Explanation:

Result: a of right shit value is 3.

Example program for the bitwise shift right operator:

1. a=int(input("Enter a values : "))

   r=a>>1

   print("Bitwise right shit of a value is: ",r)

Output:

Bitwise One's complement(~) or NOT:

• The truth table for ‘ ~ ‘is shown below

If a=6(binary code is 0110),

and ~a(0111) value is 7. 
Using a negative signature for one's complement(~a=-7).

Example program for the bitwise one's complement operator:

1. p=int(input("Enter a values : "))

   r=~p

   print("Bitwise NOT of ~p value is: ",r)

Output:

6. Special operators:

Python language provides some special type of operators like identity operator and membership operator.

(i) Identity operator:

• An identity operator is used to checking both are equal or not equal.

Operator	Description	Example	Result
is	If both values are the same then return true.	If a=4 and b=5 then a is b	False
is not	If both values are not the same then return true.	If a=4 and b=5 then a is not  b	True

(ii) Membership operator:

• An identity operator is used to checking a given value is present in a list or words.

Operator	Description	Example	Result
in	If the values are present in the given list or anything then return true.	If a=” Hello” then ‘l’ in a	True
not in	If the values are not present not in the given list or anything then return true.	If a=” Hello” then ‘i’ in a	True

Example program for the special operator:

1. x=int(input("Enter x value: "))

   y=int(input("Enter y value: "))

   z=input("Enter any word: ")

   print("x is equal to y: ",x is y)

   print("x is not equal to y: ",x is not y)

   print("Character \'a\' in "+z+" : ",'a' in z)

   print("Character \'p\' not in "+z+" : ",'a' not in z)

Output:

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Python - Basics

Basics of python language:

To write a c++ program, the following details are needed.

1. Command-line:

• It describes what's going on inside a program, so that person looking at the source code does not have a hard time figuring it out.

Types of comments:

    (i) Single line comments:

     Syntax:

                 #Statements

     Example:

                   #print function

    (ii) Multiline comments:

     Syntax:

                  ‘’’Set Statements ‘’’

2.Variables:

• A variable is nothing but it allocates the memory space and holds the values.

Syntax fro declaring variables:

                     variable_name=value;

Example:

                   a=0 #int data type

                   s=’ ‘ #String data type                     

Rules for naming the variables:

• The first character must be an alphabet or an underscore (_).
• No commas or blank spaces are allowed within a variable name.
• No special symbols, an underscore can be used in a variable name.

3. Data types in python:

• The most widely used data types in the input function is:

4. Output function:

• This function is used to show details on the output screen for user understanding.

Syntax:

          print(“Statements”) or

          print(‘Statements’)

5. Escape sequence: 

• This is used to align output on the screen.

Escape sequence	Description	Example	Output
\n	Newline or next line	print(“Hai! \n I am Sabrina.”)	Hai!  I am Sabrina.
\t	Horizontal tab(one tab space)	print(“Hai\t Hello”)	Hai                         hello
\’	Display single-quotes	print(“I don\”t know”)	I don’t know
\”	Display double-quotes	print(“/“Hey/”’)	“Hey”
\\	Print slash	print(“a//b”)	a/b

6. Input function:

• This function is used to get value from users.

Syntax:

            Variable_name = data_type(input(“ Sentence “))

Example:

             a=int (input(“Enter a value : “))

Example program: save example.py

1. #Write a python program to add of two elements

   name=input("Enter your name : ")

   a=int(input("Enter a value : "))

   b=int(input("Enter b value : "))

   c=a+b

   print("Add of and b value is : ",c)

Explanation:

name=input("Enter your name : ")

 or

name=str(input("Enter your name : ")) both are same for getting string values.

Output:

Example 2:

• If need multiple inputs at one line, then refer to the below program.

Program:

1. name=str(input("Enter calculation name : "))

   a,b=input("Enter a and b value : ").split()

   c=int(a)+int(b)

   print("Add a of and b value is : ",c)

Explanation:

• split() function is used to separate a string from each space.
• int(a)+int(b) means, a and b value has string so should be changed into number data type because here performing add operation.  

Output:

Example 3:

• If displaying value at the sentence like “Add of a and b value is : 10” as “Add of 5 and 5 value is :10”

Program:

1. name=str(input("Enter calculation name : "))

   a,b=input("Enter a and b value : ").split()

   c=int(a)+int(b)

   print(name+" of "+a+" and "+b+" value is : ",c)

2. 
   

Explanation:

• In print function, the + operator is used to join variable of value to a string value.

Output:

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Introduction of python programming language:

 Python programming language

What is python?

• Python is a powerful high level, object oriented, interpreted language.
• Proposed by Guido van Rossum in 1989.
• It has simple, easy to use syntax and making it the perfect language for someone trying to learn computer programming for the first time.

Wherefrom the python has derived?

• In the 1980s, Guido van Rossum was working on the Amoeba distributed OS (ADOS).
• He has used ABC language (i.e., interpreted language). This is simple easy to understand syntax in ADOS.
• So, he decided to create a language that was extensible (fast).
• This is lead to the design new language which was later named “Python”.

Why the name python came?

• Guido van Rossum was a fan of a comedy serial from the late seventies.
• So, the name python was adopted from the same series “Monty Python’s Flying Circus.

Features of python language:

• A simple language that is easier to learn.
• Free and open source
• Extensible
• Large standard library to solve common task.
• Object-oriented.  

Applications of python:

• Web application (Flash, Pyramid, crome, etc)
• Scientific and numerical computing (earthpy for earth science, astropy for astronomy, and so on).
• Data analytics and machine learning.

Software companies that use python:

• Google
• Quora
• Netflix
• Facebook
• Instagram
• Dropbox etc

Reasons to choose python language:

• Python interpreter act as a calculator because python has modes.

1.Shell mode (Python 3.5(32-bit):

• Shell mode immediately returns the result of the command for you to enter in the shell.

2.Script mode (IDLE(Python 3.5 32-bit):

• The script mode is used to write the script then run and also possible to immediately ran output.
• It contains edit options and you can be also, save that py document.

Working with script mode:

Numbers:

String:

• A string is a collection of characters or alphabetic and form a sentence or word called a string.
• The strings are represented by single or double quotes (“word or sentence“ or
• ’word or sentence‘).

Note:

Compiler:

• It is used to merge all programs into machine code and checking errors.

Interpreter:

• It is used to check error line by line and change it line by line machine codes.

If you need more details about the programming language, low-level language, middle-level Language, and high-level language means click the below links to learn. 
https://www.whereisstuff.com/2020/09/introductions-of-programming-language.html

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Encapsulation in java

Encapsulation:

• Data encapsulation is used to hide the implementation details from users.
• If a data member is private it means it can only be accessed within the same class. 
• No outside class can access private data member (variable) of other class.

Syntax:

1. class class_name

   {

   private data_members;

   public methods()

   {

   }

   }

Example program:

1. class Account {

       private int account_number;

       private int account_balance;

    

       public void show_Data() {

           account_number=13456;

           account_balance=5000;

           System.out.println("Before deposit of "+"account XXXXX"+account_number+" number of balance :"+account_balance);

       }

    

       public void deposit(int a) {

           if (a < 0) {

               System.out.println("Given amount is wrong...");

           } else

               account_balance = account_balance + a;

           System.out.println("After deposit of current balance :"+account_balance);

       }

   }

    

   class Encapsulation{

       public static void main(String args[])

       {

           Account ac=new Account();

           ac.show_Data();

           ac.deposit(200);

       }

   }

Output:

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