Polymorphism in C++

 Polymorphism:

• Poly means many and prism means form so polymorphism means many forms.
• It is used to perform a single action in different ways.
• For example,
• Action is drawn and it performance maybe draw a line or draw a circle.

Types of polymorphism:

1. Runtime polymorphism

2. Compile time polymorphism

Runtime polymorphism:

• The runtime polymorphism is also called dynamic polymorphism.
• It is the best example is method overloading.

Example program:

1. #include<iostream.h>

   #include<conio.h>

   class Shape {

   public:

   double a;

       void area() {

             cout<<"\n\tCalculating area of Rectangle,Circle,Triangle .........";

       }

   };

    

   class Rectangle: public Shape {

      public:

       void area() {

             float l,w;

             cout<<"\n\nEnter length and width of rectangle : ";

             cin>>l>>w;

             a=l*w; //area=length*width;

             cout<<"\nArea of rectangle : "<<a;

       }

   };

    

   class Circle:public Shape {

   public:

       void area() {

             float r;

             cout<<"\n\nEnter radius  of circle : ";

             cin>>r;

             a=3.14*r*r; //area=3.14*radius*radius;

             cout<<"\nArea of circle : "<<a;

       }

   };

    

   void main()

   {

             clrscr();

             Shape s;

             s.area();

             Rectangle r;

             r.area();

             Circle c;

             c.area();

             getch();

   }

Output:

Compile-time polymorphism:

• The runtime polymorphism is also called static polymorphism.
• It is the best example is method overriding.

Example program:

1. #include<iostream.h>

   #include<conio.h>

   class Shape {

   public:

   double a;

       void area() {

   cout<<"\n\tCalculating area of Rectangle,Circle,Triangle .........";

       }

   };

   
   

   class Rectangle:public Shape {

      public:

       void area(float l,float w) {

   //float l,w;

   cout<<"\n\nEnter length and width of rectangle : ";

   cin>>l>>w;

   a=l*w; //area=length*width;

   cout<<"\nArea of rectangle : "<<a;

       }

   };

   
   

   class Circle:public Shape {

   public:

       void area(float r) {

   //float r;

   cout<<"\n\nEnter radius  of circle : ";

   cin>>r;

   a=3.14*r*r; //area=3.14*radius*radius;

   cout<<"\nArea of circle : "<<a;

       }

   };

   
   

   void main()

   {

   clrscr();

   Shape s;

   s.area();

   Rectangle r;

   r.area(6,3);

   Circle c;

   c.area(3.2);

   getch();

   }

Output:

Note:

• If you need to detail learning of method overloading and method overriding concepts then please click the below link to helpful.

https://www.whereisstuff.com/2021/02/method-overloading-and-overriding-in-c.html

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Multiple inheritances in python

Multiple inheritances:

• Multiple inheritances have a number of base classes and one derived class.
• It means the numbers of base classes are derived from one derived class.

Syntax:

1. class a

             //Base class1

   class b

             //Base class2

   class c:public a,public b

             //Derived class

   //Object creation

   Object_name=Derived_class_name();

   object_name.function_name(parameter_list);

Example:

1. #Multiple inheritance

   class bank:

       def pin_set(self):

           lst=[1111,1234,2222]

           print("\tWelcome to XXX bank")

           return lst

   class getvalue:

       def get_data(self):

           pin=int(input("Enter pin number:"))

           return pin

   class pin_validation(bank,getvalue):

       def verification(self,pin,lst):

          # for i in lst:

           if pin in lst:

               print("Enter your choice:\n1.Cash widrawel\n2.Cash deposite\n3.Mini statement")

           else:

               print("Invalid pin")

   b=pin_validation()

   l=[]

   l=b.pin_set()

   p=b.get_data()

   b.verification(p,l)

Output:

If condition:

Else condition:

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Multilevel inheritance in python

Multilevel inheritance:

• Multilevel inheritance has derived from the class itself and derives the subclass further.
• It means one base class derived from intermediate class, that intermediate class derived the derived class.

Syntax:

1. class a:
            //Base class
   class b: class a
            //Intermediate class
   
   
   class c: class b
             //Derived class
   Object creation:
   Object_name=last_class_name() ;
   object_name.function(parameter list);

Example:

1. #Multi level inheritance

   class bank:

       def pin_set(self):

           lst=[1111,1234,2222]

           print("\tWelcome to XXX bank")

           return lst

   class getvalue(bank):

       def get_data(self):

           pin=int(input("Enter pin number:"))

           return pin

   class pin_validation(getvalue):

       def verification(self,pin,lst):

           if pin in lst:

               print("Enter your choice:\n1.Cash widrawel\n2.Cash deposite\n3.Mini statement")

           else:

               print("Invalid pin")

   b=pin_validation()

   l=[]

   l=b.pin_set()

   p=b.get_data()

   b.verification(p,l)

Output:

If condition:

Else condition:

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Inheritance in python

Inheritance:

• It is the process of joining two or more classes and we can access the values from both classes.

Types of Inheritance:

1) Single inheritance

2) Multilevel inheritance

3) Multiple inheritances

Benefits of inheritance:

• Software re-usability
• Information hiding
• Code sharing

Syntax:

1. class class_name1:

       #function definition

   class class_name2(class_name1):

       #function definition

   object_name=class_name(parameter_list)#Object creation

   object_name.function_name(parameter_list)#function calling

Example:

1. #inheritance with constructor

   class employee:

       def __init__(self,id,name,depart,sal):

           self.id=id

           self.name=name

           self.depart=depart

           self.sal=sal

       def display(self):

           print("\tEmployee details")

           print("ID :",self.id)

           print("Name:",self.name)

           print("Department :",self.depart)

           print("Basic Salary : ",self.sal)

   class salary_cal(employee):

       def sal_cal(self)://access sal from base class

           if self.sal>=15000:

               self.sal+=5000

               print("Increased salary:5000")

               print("Net salary:",self.sal)

           elif self.sal>=1000 and self.sal<15000:

               self.sal+=3000

               print("Increased salary:3000")

               print("Net salary:",self.sal)

           else:

               self.sal+=1000

               print("Increased salary:1000")

               print("Net salary:",self.sal)

   id=input("Enter employee id:")

   name=input("Enter employee name:")

   depart=input("Enter employee department:")

   sal=int(input("Enter basic salary:"))

   #object creation

   emp=salary_cal(id,name,depart,sal)

   #emp=employee(id,name,depart,sal)

   emp.display()

   emp.sal_cal()

Output:

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Single inheritance in python

 1) Single inheritance:

• If one base class and one derived class in a program called  “Single inheritance”.

Syntax:
1. class a:
             //Base class
   class b: public a
             //Derived class
   Object creation:
   object_name=Derived_class_name();
   object_name.function(parameter list);
Example:

1. class employee:#base class

       def get_data(self):#All function should have the self keyword for joining other fun

           id=input("Enter employee id:")

           name=input("Enter employee name:")

           depart=input("Enter employee department:")

           sal=int(input("Enter basic salary:"))

           return id,name,depart,sal

       def display(self,id,name,depart,sal):

           print("\tEmployee details")

           print("ID :",id)

           print("Name:",name)

           print("Department :",depart)

           print("Basic Salary : ",sal)

   class salary_cal(employee):#derived class

       def sal_cal(self,sal):

           if sal>=15000:

               sal+=5000

               print("Increased salary:5000")

               print("Net salary:",sal)

           elif sal>=1000 and sal<15000:

               sal+=3000

               print("Increased salary:3000")

               print("Net salary:",sal)

           else:

               sal+=1000

               print("Increased salary:1000")

               print("Net salary:",sal)

    

   #Object creation

   emp=salary_cal()

   empno,ename,deptno,sal=emp.get_data()

   emp.display(empno,ename,deptno,sal)

   emp.sal_cal(sal)

Output:

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Object and constructor in python

 Object:

• An object is used to access the members of the class.
• It simply said as the short name of the class.

Constructor:

• The constructor is used to initialize the variables and sharing the values to functions.
• Further, it is mainly for object calls.
• __init__ (double underscore) is the standard function name for initializing the values.
• Self is not a keyword. It is just variable for connecting function value to constructor.
• Self is used to pass a value into the function from constructor value.

Syntax:

1. import module_name#optional

   class class_name:

       def __init__(self,parameter_list):

           self.parameter_list=variable

       def function_name(self,list_of_patameters):

           #Statements

   object_name=class_name(parameter_list)#Parameter list based on constructor

   object_name.function_name(list_of_patameters)#Function calling through object

Example program:

1. class calculator:

       def __init__(self, x, y):

           self.x = x

           self.y = y

       def add(self):

           return self.x+self.y

       def sub(self):

           return self.x-self.y

       def mul(self):

           return self.x*self.y

       def div(self):

           return self.x/self.y

   x,y=input("Enter two values: ").split()

   c=calculator(int(x),int(y))

   print("Add value:",c.add())

   print("Sub value:",c.sub())

   print("Mul value:",c.mul())

   print("Div value:",c.div())

Output:

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